Autor: Yaël Ossowski

Österreich: Die Koalition muss die Überwachung von verschlüsselten Nachrichten-Apps ablehnen

WIEN – Diese Woche enthüllte Innenminister Gerhard Karner von der ÖVP, dass er einen Gesetzesentwurf “schnell” durchsetzen möchte, der der Regierung die Befugnis geben würde, verschlüsselte Kommunikation in Nachrichten-Apps zu überwachen.

Obwohl Karner betont hat, dass die neuen Befugnisse nur sehr gezielt eingesetzt würden, ist unklar, ob die Entwickler und Anbieter von Nachrichten-Apps gezwungen werden sollen, die Verschlüsselung zu brechen, um die Anordnungen durchzuführen.

Wie der stellvertretende Direktor des Consumer Choice Center, Yael Ossowski, erklärte, würde diese Befugnis bedeuten, die Verschlüsselung für Millionen von österreichischen Verbrauchern zu untergraben und zu brechen.

„Jeder Versuch, die Verschlüsselung für einige ausgewählte Personen zu brechen, gefährdet gleichzeitig die Privatsphäre von Millionen von Österreichern. Dies ist weniger eine Frage der angemessenen Polizeibefugnisse als vielmehr eine Frage der technischen und sicherheitsrelevanten Aspekte. Schwächere Verschlüsselung macht österreichische Nutzer weniger sicher“ sagte Ossowski.

„Verschlüsselungsstandards von Apps wie Signal, WhatsApp und sogar iMessage aufzuheben, würde der österreichischen Regierung außergewöhnliche Befugnisse einräumen, die das Risiko bergen, jede und alle Kommunikation zu kompromittieren, nicht nur die von Verdächtigen oder Terroristen.

„Um gegen kriminelle Akteure vorzugehen, sollte die Koalition das bestehende Justizsystem nutzen, um Haftbefehle auf Grundlage eines begründeten Verdachts durchzusetzen, anstatt Messaging-Dienste und Apps dazu zu zwingen, diese Aufgabe für sie zu übernehmen“ erklärte Ossowski.

Das Verbraucherwahlzentrum weist darauf hin, dass ähnliche Versuche, die Verschlüsselung mit polizeilicher Gewalt zu brechen, bereits im Vereinigten Königreich und in Frankreich unternommen wurden, wo sie von Bürgerrechtsgruppen abgelehnt wurden.

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Das Consumer Choice Center ist eine unabhängige, parteiunabhängige Verbraucherorganisation, die die Vorteile von Wahlfreiheit, Innovation und Wachstum im Alltagsleben für Verbraucher in über 100 Ländern fördert. Wir interessieren uns insbesondere für regulatorische Trends in Washington, Brüssel, Wien, Berlin, Ottawa, Brasília, London und Genf genau.

Erfahren Sie mehr auf verbraucherwahlzentrum.org

A Consumer-Focused National Data Privacy Framework

 April 7, 2025

Rep. Brett Guthrie (KY-02), Chairman

Rep. John Joyce, Vice Chairman

House Committee on Energy and Commerce

Rayburn House Office Building, 2125, 

Washington, DC 20515

Response to the Request for Information for a Data Privacy and Security Framework

Das Verbraucherwahlzentrum is an independent, non-partisan consumer advocacy group championing the benefits of freedom of choice, innovation, and abundance in everyday life. We champion smart policies that are fit for growth, promote lifestyle choice, and defend technological innovation.

Herein, we will offer our comments on a future data privacy and security, albeit from a consumer-focused perspective.

The APRA

The previous attempt at comprehensive privacy legislation, the Amerikanisches Datenschutzgesetz, was flawed for several reasons. 

While this privacy bill addressed important principles, such as Transparenz der erhobenen Daten forderndie Möglichkeit für Verbraucher, tragbarer Zugriff auf ihre Informationen und Mechanismen für Bestrafung von schlechten Schauspielern, it went too far in granting government agencies power over private contracts and business models while exempting any agency from those same privacy rules.

The particular provision creating a new Privatklagerecht, unheard of in any other global privacy bill, inevitably would have created a quagmire that would litter our justice system with bogus and outrageous claims, all the while empowering politically connected trial attorneys who stand the most to gain. This would only further increase the $500 billion “lawfare liability” tax on our economy. This ultimately would have degraded the quality and raised the prices of goods and services that consumers depend on and would do nothing to safeguard user privacy.

OUR RECOMMENDATIONS:

  • Champion-Innovation
  • Portabilität verteidigen
  • Interoperabilität zulassen
  • Setzen Sie auf technologische Neutralität
  • Vermeiden Sie Patchwork-Gesetzgebung
  • Fördern und erlauben Sie eine starke Verschlüsselung

WAS MAN VERMEIDEN SOLLTE

In Kalifornien, die Verbraucherdatenschutzgesetz von 2018 verlangt, dass Unternehmen den Wert individueller Daten berechnen, Opt-Outs bereitstellen, von Unternehmen verlangen, Verbraucher zu informieren, wenn ihre Daten verkauft werden, Verbrauchern die Möglichkeit zu geben, die Löschung von Daten zu verlangen (Recht auf Vergessenwerden) und Verbrauchern Zugang zu den von erfassten Daten zu gewähren genannten Firmen in lesbaren Formaten.

Das Datenschutzgesetz von Vermont verlangt von Unternehmen, Verbraucher direkt über Datenschutzverletzungen zu informieren, und verbietet auch einige Formen gezielter Werbung, insbesondere wenn es um Studenten geht.

Beide Gesetze enthalten Elemente der EU-DSGVO, die nun seit fast 3 Jahren in Kraft ist. Wie bisher notiert Laut mehreren Analysten haben die enormen Compliance-Kosten und -Anstrengungen zu einer erheblichen Verringerung sowohl der Investitionen als auch der Marktaktivitäten kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen geführt, die sich auf Daten beziehen. Darüber hinaus sind europäische Nutzer seither von der Nutzung vieler Dienste außerhalb der EU-Gerichtsbarkeit abgeschnitten oder daran gehindert worden, wie dies für Unternehmen der Fall ist vermeiden, in Konflikt zu geraten der strengen Verordnung. Dies hat dazu geführt, dass weniger Produkte und Dienstleistungen für europäische Bürger verfügbar sind.

Diese früheren Versuche, Datenschutzgesetze einzuführen, sind aus folgenden Gründen fehlerhaft:

Zuerst, viele Teile dieser Gesetze behindern und verhindern Innovationen. Indem es für Unternehmen schwieriger und kostspieliger wird, mit Verbraucherdaten umzugehen, haben Unternehmen weniger Anreize, Ressourcen in innovative Verbraucherdienste und -angebote zu investieren, was zu weniger Auswahlmöglichkeiten für Verbraucher und einer höheren Eintrittsbarriere für neue Wettbewerber führt.

Sekunde, at least in the cases of Vermont and California, these laws create a patchwork of regulation that makes compliance difficult or nearly impossible for firms operating in both the national and global marketplace, thereby driving up 

costs and depriving consumers of these firms’ services irrespective of which state they reside in. A national law or widely adopted (and ideally global) industry self-regulation, which protects consumer privacy and also champions innovation, would be preferred.

Dritte, die Berechnung des Datenwerts für jeden Kunden jedes Unternehmens und die genaue Beschreibung aller Aspekte der Verwendung dieser Daten ist nahezu unmöglich, was die Kosten für Dienstleistungen enorm erhöht, die unweigerlich an die Verbraucher weitergegeben werden.

Vierte,  these laws do not take into consideration existing business practices that already provide adequate consumer and data protection, and have thus been used as industry standards. They also thwart innovation practices such as targeted advertising, geo-targeting, and personalization, which consumers prefer.

Letzte, fördert jedes dieser Datenschutzgesetze die Prozesshaftigkeit und löst neue Klagen und Gerichtsverfahren aus, die dazu dienen würden, die Kosten für normale Verbraucherprodukte und -dienstleistungen erheblich zu erhöhen.

CHAMPION-INNOVATION

In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass Tausende von Unternehmen Verbraucherdaten sowohl geschützt als auch verantwortungsvoll genutzt haben, sollte der Gesetzgeber danach streben, klare und einheitliche Regeln zu schaffen, die aktuelle Standards respektieren, Innovationen zulassen und sowohl Unternehmen als auch Verbrauchern Klarheit verschaffen. Datenschutzvorschriften, die Unternehmen eine unangemessene Belastung für die Einhaltung der Gesetze auferlegen, anstatt auf die eklatantesten Beispiele von Datenschutzverletzungen und Unangemessenheit abzuzielen, werden letztendlich die Kosten für die Geschäftstätigkeit und damit die Preise für die Verbraucher erhöhen.

Es sollte anerkannt werden, dass Verbraucher bereitwillig Daten an Unternehmen weitergeben, um eine endgültige Dienstleistung oder Ware zu erhalten, die für sie nützlich ist. Solange ordnungsgemäße Verfahren befolgt werden und keine Daten durchgesickert sind oder unbefugt den Besitzer wechseln, sollte es keine zusätzlichen regulatorischen Anforderungen geben, die dazu dienen würden, die freiwillige Beziehung eines Verbrauchers mit einem Unternehmen zu erschweren.

VERTEIDIGEN SIE DIE PORTABILITÄT

Consumer-friendly data portability should be a reasonable standard applied to most firms that complete data transactions. Most of today’s firms allow personal data to be exported for review, but should also remain confidential and secure to avoid potential exploitation. If portability standards are kept too lax, this would be an 

invitation to hackers and pirates looking to profit from identity or intellectual property theft. 

Angesichts des schnellen Tempos, in dem sich dieses Umfeld ändert, könnten Industriestandards im Vergleich zu Vorschriften eine flexiblere Methode zur Durchsetzung der Portabilität sein.

INTEROPERABILITÄT ERLAUBEN

Bei Bedarf sollten Unternehmen Anreize erhalten, offene Datenstandards aufrechtzuerhalten, die bei Bedarf zwischen Plattformen verwendet werden können. In Anbetracht der Schnelllebigkeit von Datenstrukturen und Standards sollten Gesetzgeber jedoch vermeiden, eine bestimmte Methode der Datenerfassung oder des Datenexports zu bevorzugen, sei es JSON, HTML oder andere. 

Vielmehr ist ein breites Prinzip von „technologische Neutralität“ würde es den besten Standards ermöglichen, sich auf natürliche Weise zu entwickeln, anstatt willkürlich von Regulierungsbehörden festgelegt zu werden. Die Durchsetzung von Interoperabilitätsstandards würde daher von Unternehmen, die mit Daten umgehen, vereinbart und nicht unbedingt gesetzlich vorgeschrieben. Die Verbraucher sollten letztendlich entscheiden, ob sie einen Dienst oder ein Produkt wünschen, das entweder Interoperabilität ermöglicht oder nicht. Die breite Akzeptanz von Apps und Standards wie Apple CarPlay zeigt, dass die meisten Unternehmen solche Standards favorisieren, die es Verbrauchern ermöglichen, durch „Einstecken“ zu profitieren.

ENTDECKEN SIE TECHNOLOGISCHE NEUTRALITÄT

Da sich Standards und Technologien so schnell ändern, sollte der Gesetzgeber Gesetze vermeiden, die eine bestimmte Methode oder Technologie in den Datenschutzbestimmungen bevorzugen. Die Anwendung einer einheitlichen Regel für das Format oder den Prozess der Technologie würde dazu dienen, das Ausmaß an Innovation und natürlicher Evolution zu begrenzen, das derzeit unseren bestehenden Technologiesektor definiert. 

In allen Fällen sollte die Gesetzgebung den Wettbewerb und die Präferenzen der Verbraucher berücksichtigen und fördern, um die beste Technologie zu ermitteln. Die Technologie ändert sich zu schnell, und zu viele Vorschriften könnten verhindern, dass neue Technologien und Standards so schnell wie möglich innerhalb eines flexibleren Rahmens entstehen.

VERMEIDEN SIE PATCHWORK-GESETZGEBUNG

Due to the ever-growing consumer base across both state lines and international borders, state-by-state regulations that would impose different rules on different 

residents should be avoided. This patchwork of legislation would increase the cost of delivering services in an efficient manner, and would likely stunt the availability of various products or services to consumers in various jurisdictions. As such, a broad and agile uniform standard should be agreed to at the federal level, rather than individual states or municipalities.

PROTECT AND ALLOW STRONG ENCRYPTION

Die Verwendung von Verschlüsselung sowohl durch Einzelpersonen als auch durch Unternehmen ist für unsere digitalen Rechte im Internet von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Viele Gesetzesvorschläge seit den 1990er Jahren haben versucht, kryptografische Methoden zum Sichern und Verschlüsseln von Daten zu verbieten. Die meisten dieser Vorschläge wurden aus Gründen der nationalen Sicherheit und der Strafverfolgung gerechtfertigt. Allerdings gelten die bestehenden Gesetze zu richterlichen Anordnungen und zum Schutz der Vierten Änderung für Unternehmen, und es gibt keinen Grund zu der Annahme, dass ein Verbot der Verschlüsselung dies einfacher oder produktiver machen würde.

Der Gesetzgeber sollte das Recht der Bürger anerkennen, Informationen zu verschlüsseln und zu schützen, und dies auf die proprietären Verschlüsselungsmethoden ausdehnen, die Firmen und Unternehmen im Dienste ihrer Kunden verwenden. Der Schutz des Rechts auf Verschlüsselung ist eine sichere und effektive Methode, um sicherzustellen, dass der Verbraucher- und Datenschutz gewahrt bleibt, unabhängig davon, ob es sich um medizinische Daten, personenbezogene Daten oder Finanzdaten handelt.

FAZIT

As we have outlined, there are examples of existing laws on data and consumer privacy that go far beyond the scope of consumer protection. Often, these laws serve to thwart innovation and slow down the progress that firms and companies can deliver to their customers. 

What’s more, a regulatory approach that is far too restrictive or cumbersome will serve large incumbent players that can afford the additional costs while locking out start-ups and new competitors.

While we cheer the focus on data and privacy framework that would benefit consumers, we hope these recommendations are taken into account.

How Donald Trump Can Beat Europe’s Tech Regulations

If there is one bright spot in Trump’s trade threats, it is that the conversation on how to improve the global regulatory space for the average consumer has been recalibrated. 

President Trump’s tariff-heavy trade agenda is quickly proving unpopular with Americans, which might explain why the administration worked overtime to rebrand tariffs as “liberation” from foreign partners who treated the United States unfairly. As part of the narrative switch, Trump’s team has at least one clever weapon that could ultimately serve to defend and strengthen free trade and innovation between the US and its allies like the European Union.

By framing any punitive regulation or excessive fine issued by foreign countries against U.S. firms as a legal device das “restricts, prevents, or impedes international trade,” President Trump has made a fresh case for how digital regulation and international diplomacy should work in the twenty-first century.

This idea is more interesting and impactful than many people may realize.

As anyone who casually observes the stock market can tell you, the U.S. economy is now bound at the hip with the fate of its technology companies. At a conservative estimate of 9 percent of GDP, our nation’s powerhouse tech firms based in Silicon Valley, Austin, and New York City have become a daily presence in our lives. For better or for worse, President Trump has taken notice.

In einem pair of presidential memoranda issued in February, Trump announced new measures to evaluate restrictive trade practices hamstringing U.S. tech firms abroad. Trump might not love or fully trust Big Tech. Still, he’s erweitert the umbrella of America-First to them anyway, vowing to fight “one-sided, anti-competitive policies and practices of foreign governments” that target the likes of Meta, Amazon, Google, Netflix, Apple, and others. 

While the idea of reciprocal tariffs should make any economist queasy, we should pay special attention to the details of the Trump administration’s policies. 

One memorandum mentions that, beginning in 2019, many trading nations enacted Digital Service Taxes (DST) that “foreign government officials openly admit are designed to plunder American companies.” The document also invokes the “extortive fines and taxes” that exist to “prop up failed foreign economies.”

Though the executive orders don’t mention the specific laws or fines by name, one can safely intuit the reference of several regulations enacted in the europäische Union, namely the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA), as well as the so-called “link tax” Bemühungen in Canada and Australia.

Regulators in Brussels have ratcheted up the enforcement of these regulations and haven’t let up now that President Trump has turned up the heat on trade.

In March, the European Commission declared three separate violations of the DMA against Apple, Meta, and Google, threatening as much as 10 Prozent of global revenue for each of the tech behemoths. The violations relate to various aspects of self-preferencing on platforms, advertising consent rules, and interoperability as mandated by European legislation.

What matters about Trump’s framing of these issues is that he views these regulatory actions as harmful not just to American innovators but to the global economy and consumers as a whole. The EU’s regulatory regime has morphed into a diplomatic issue. 

Rather than just Meta vs. the EU or Apple vs. Brussels, Trump has taken it upon himself to view it as a broader United States vs. European Union regulatory fight. As a strategy, it is having some impact.

EU Trade Commissioner Maroš Šefčovič told an audience in Washington that the commission was open to a “dialogue on big tech,” while playing down claims of discrimination against American companies. 

Just a few weeks later, during a review of the European Commission’s “Omnibus” package, regulators inserted several amendments to ease ESG and sustainability reporting requirements on global firms with operations in the EU.

Reversing years of the European rulemaking process will be next to impossible. Still, these subtle pivots are a glimmer of hope that the EU and the United States can work together again on tech and innovation. 

At home, U.S. firms still face a hostile climate in Washington. Trump comes to their defense against antagonism abroad, only to dispense with the “Good Cop” routine and continue litigation against companies like Amazon and Google for alleged antitrust violations. The FTC lawsuit against Meta’s acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp over a decade ago will have its first court hearing next month. At the same time, a judge reviews remedies to force Google to sell off its popular Chrome browser. 

It is hardly consistent for Trump to fend off all foreign regulatory threats and tariffs against American tech while subjecting them to punitive lawfare in our own courts that will only harm consumers who like these products and services. At the same time, a trade war won’t help anyone.

If there is one bright spot in Trump’s cacophony of trade threats, it is that the conversation on how to improve the global regulatory space for the average consumer has been recalibrated. 

The ability to change the conversation has always been Trump’s most clever weapon, and it is providing a great opportunity to refine our tech and trade relationships for the better.

Ursprünglich veröffentlicht hier

Georgia House passes sound lawfare liability and tort reforms to save costs for consumers

ATLANTA,GA – Earlier today, the Georgia House of Representatives passed SB68, a civil justice reform bill to modernize liability standards for firms and help save costs for consumers by cutting down on frivolous lawsuits that raise prices for firms and businesses that serve them.

The bill caps non-economic damages in civil trials, adjusts liability standards for responsible establishments, and limits medical cost awards to “reasonable and necessary” amounts to keep price inflation in check.

The bill will now be reconciled with the Senate version before it is sent to Governor Brian Kemp, who has championed the law.

The Consumer Choice Center (CCC), a nonpartisan consumer advocacy group and think tank, applauded state legislators for enacting tort and liability reforms that will bring more certainty to innovators while reserving liability courts for consumers are who legitimately harmed.

“Every consumer pays the cost of unjustified litigation, whether they know it or not. Georgia’s novel attempt at reforming the civil justice system will help keep companies accountable while safeguarding the court process for consumers and victims who have been harmed”, sagte Yael Ossowski, deputy director at the Consumer Choice Center.

Exaggerated liability claims pursued by crafty attorneys creates massive price inflation for firms and insurers and deprives those who are legitimately injured from seeking adequate and timely justice,” he added. “A less costly and inflationary legal system for responsible entrepreneurs and innovators who follow the law will allow consumers to benefit from less litigious system that remains responsive to actual harms.”

This week, the Consumer Choice Center published a Politikgrundierung analyzing similar tort and liability reforms passed in Florida in 2023 that have shown positive impacts by lowering costs for consumers by creating a more stable environment for small businesses.

LESEN SIE HIER DIE EINFÜHRUNG


The CCC represents consumers in over 100 countries across the globe. We closely monitor regulatory trends in state and national capitals, as well as other hotspots of regulation, and inform and activate consumers to fight for #ConsumerChoice.

Comment on the Request for Information on the Development of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Action Plan

Comment on the Request for Information on the Development of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Action Plan

Das Verbraucherwahlzentrum is an independent, non-partisan consumer advocacy group championing the benefits of freedom of choice, innovation, and abundance in everyday life. We champion smart policies that are fit for growth, promote lifestyle choice, and defend technological innovation.

Herein, we will offer our comments on NSF, NITRD, and NSF’s development of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Action Plan, albeit from a consumer-focused perspective of users and promoters of AI technology.

We offer several standing principles that should be central to any plan carried out by the Executive Branch and its agencies, as well as future areas of collaboration to ensure American citizens and consumers will have full access to the fruits of innovation in this space.

Permissionless Innovation

The United States must commit to empowering its markets and innovators by advancing permissionless innovation. In the past half-century, the most impactful inventions and technologies developed on American shores have emerged from the bottom-up, as self-maximizing entrepreneurs and industrialists have competed to feed consumer demand, employ talent, and deliver goods and services needed across the world. 

This status quo has provided dividends for American security and strength, allowing the country to become much nimbler and more adaptive while avoiding the pitfalls of centralized command and control as practiced in China.

In allowing the unprecedented growth of the Internet through light-touch regulation for decades, the U.S. set global standards for tech and innovation. As a result, rules and regulations have emerged over time rather than been imposed by above, giving innovators the ample space and runway to develop both the hardware 

and software that consumers have come to rely on. We must avoid top-down regulatory approaches on AI and other technologies as they have been tried in blue states, which would only serve to stunt our growth.

By shunning the precautionary principle, which hampers far too much innovation and growth elsewhere, the U.S. has embraced a system that rewards risk and punishes failures through market mechanisms rather than bureaucratic mandates. This unique system, matched with deep capital markets, stable rule of law, and protection of intellectual property, has made the U.S. the ideal launching pad for creative pursuits that have created vast amounts of wealth and opportunities.

Recommendation: In adopting an approach to permissionless innovation and avoiding the pitfalls of the precautionary principle, any future AI plan must guard against the instinct to preempt new AI technology or models by requiring burdensome governmental approval or licensing before launch. Only under rare exceptions related to military applications or deemed extremely high-risk should this be avoided.

Energy Supremacy

As a nation blessed with vast natural resources, the United States must continue to allow the development of energy projects of all stripes to continue to feed electricity grids, but also to power the next generation of data centers, transportation, and industry. This will be pivotal to advantage for next-generation AI technology.

Affordable and abundant energy will be a dominant force in freeing up the resources, time, and wealth for the economic and technological growth to remain competitive, as well as providing for the higher standard of living that will be demanded by the American population. For data centers and computing hubs, cheap energy will be requisite for maintaining an edge. 

While still maintaining environmental standards, removing red tape for pipelines, natural gas extraction, offshore wind, and nuclear energy will have to be viewed as an all-encompassing strategy to maintain the country’s energy supremacy and dominance. Outdated infrastructure will have to be replaced, and regulatory systems will have to be streamlined.

Recommendation: Prioritization of red tape reduction for energy projects and an expansion of a diverse energy mix will allow entrepreneurs to create the infrastructure needed to power the AI revolution. Removal of barriers and fast-tracking of projects should be a necessity, as would approval for new energy technologies.

Hardware and chips The federal government should continue a careful approach to chip exports to undemocratic regimes. At the same time, the federal government should consider liberalizing the rules to ally nations, including European Union member states,, understanding that common market structures and economic incentives better align entrepreneurs and consumers in liberal democracies than outside this sphere.

Recommendation: Continue to monitor export of AI-related hardware to authoritarian regimes, while prioritizing trade with ally nations with similar liberal democratic principles.

Open source development vs model development 

As consumers continue to benefit from open-source Large Language Models as well as proprietary models and products, the federal government should allow consumer competition to create the standards for this new era of technology, rather than codifying any requirements, structures, or computation limits into law. Allowing the best entrepreneurs to compete will deliver the most value for consumers who stand to gain from this technology.

Recommendation: Continue light-touch approach toward open-source developers while allowing closed-source developers and deployers of AI technology similar regulatory clarity to launch products for both commercial and personal use. Allow competition to create standards, rather than federal statutes.

Transatlantic cooperation

The US should collaborate with ally countries, especially European Union member states, for a “Free Nation” corridor for simple technology, capital, and product exchange that removes barriers and enshrines innovation in the AI sector. With an open dialogue and standard to be shared among free nations, this will ensure continued benefit to consumers and innovators in these nations, influencing and providing a model for nations that have yet to codify any AI policies into law.

Recommendation: The creation of a “Free Nation” corridor with EU member states to align with the interests of other liberal democracies and better facilitate trade to benefit consumers in the United States in beyond.

Congress set to neuter its authority to counter Trump tariffs

As Congress debates yet another Continuing Resolution to hastily fund the federal government for a few months, the House yesterday passed a resolution that mixes together several bills.

Tucked within these provisions was a legalistic quirk that would end Congress’ ability to end President Trump’s “State of Emergency” that has so far given him some legal latitude to impose swaths of new tariffs and duties that affect consumers.

The resolution passed by the House of Representatives contained four sections for consideration:

1.) Repeal of the IRS rule related to DeFi brokers and registration (also known as the broker role), affecting cryptocurrency platforms.

2.) Opening the state of limitations related to pandemic relief era as provided in the CARES Act.

3.) A Continuing Resolution to fund the government on a temporary basis

4.) Declaring the rest of the year as a single calendar day for the purposes of the National Emergencies Act

While each of these sections should elicit some debate or praise, the last section is purposefully written so as to freeze time on the Congressional calendar.

Why is this important?

The section reads: “Each day for the remainder of the first session of the 119th Congress shall not constitute a calendar day for purposes of section 202 of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622) with respect to a joint resolution terminating a national emergency declared by the President on February 1, 2025.”

Wie gemeldet by the New York Times, this is a procedural move that would neuter Congress’ ability to pass any vote or resolution to gain back their power to issue tariffs and other trade sanctions, because 15 calendar days will not pass (at least legally) for the remainder of the year:

House Democrats had planned to force a vote on resolutions to end the tariffs on Mexico and Canada, a move allowed under the National Emergencies Act, which provides a mechanism for Congress to terminate an emergency like the one Mr. Trump declared when he imposed the tariffs on Feb. 1.

That would have forced Republicans — many of whom are opposed to tariffs as a matter of principle — to go on the record on the issue at a time when Mr. Trump’s commitment to tariffs has spooked the financial markets and spiked concerns of reigniting inflation.

The national emergency law lays out a fast-track process for Congress to consider a resolution ending a presidential emergency, requiring committee consideration within 15 calendar days after one is introduced and a floor vote within three days after that.

By passing the resolution, the House Majority has effectively neutered its own authority to set trade policies and to hold the Executive Branch accountable, allowing it to keep the State of Emergency in place so President Trump can issue tariffs on Canada, Mexico, China, the European Union, or any other country without much opposition.

Though the President has some authority to issue tariffs in an emergency situation, according to the National Emergencies Act, removing Congress’ ability to end or even reverse the State of Emergency for the rest of 2025 means Congress has abrogated its responsibility to even have a say on trade policies.

By allowing President Trump to prolong his State of Emergency, there will be no constitutional way for Congress to curb the excesses of the multi-theater trade wars being waged across the world, harming consumers who would otherwise profit from freer trade.

Tariffs are taxes on consumers, and trade wars only make consumers poorer, as Verbraucherwahlzentrum describes in detail on FreeTrade4Us.org.

Knowing this was a possibility, Kentucky Senator Rand Paul introduced a bill last year to reaffirm the ability of Congress – and Congress alone – to set trade policy and avoid costly tariffs that raise prices for consumers. He called it the “Gesetz „Keine Besteuerung ohne Vertretung““.

“Our Constitution was designed to prevent any branch from overstepping its bounds. Unchecked executive actions enacting tariffs tax our citizens, threaten our economy, raise prices for everyday goods, and erode the system of checks and balances that our founders so carefully crafted,” wrote Sen. Paul.

If Congress neuters its ability to counter tariffs, then American consumers will have to continue to bear the brunt of protectionist policies that are currently making them worse off.

CFPB is right to drop its lawsuit against Zelle

WASHINGTON, D.C – Heute, Verbraucherschutzbüro für Finanzen dropped its Klage in the District Court of Arizona against the owners of the payment platform Zelle.

Zelle, jointly owned by seven of the nation’s largest banks, is a popular FinTech peer-to-peer payment platform used by consumers to easy send and receive money without additional fees. The CFPB originally alleged the app has not done enough to combat payment frauds committed by scammers.

Yael Ossowski, stellvertretender Leiter der Verbraucherschutzgruppe Consumer Choice Center, believes the case being dropped is the right move for consumers:

“In targeting the platform rather than punishing those who perpetuate fraud, the agency was regulating by enforcement, hoping to introduce backdoor liability for FinTech firms and payment services that hasn’t been endorsed or approved by Congress. This would have made debanking and offloading of customers even worse. The CFPB was right to drop the case.

Zahlungsdienste setzen bereits strenge Maßnahmen zur Betrugsbekämpfung ein, die es den Verbrauchern ermöglichen, ihr Geld zurückzubekommen. Die Einführung neuer Richtlinien über Lawfare wird dazu führen, kostspielige und aufdringliche Vorschriften, die das Verbrauchererlebnis verschlechtern, es den Verbrauchern erschweren, diese Apps zu nutzen oder sich überhaupt für sie zu qualifizieren, und wahrscheinlich bessere Bedingungen für Betrüger schaffen, die Daten stehlen wollen,schloss Ossowski.

The Consumer Choice Center recently launched a Politikgrundierung um gesetzliche Lösungen zur Bekämpfung und Eindämmung des durch Betrug und Schwindel im Zahlungsverkehr verursachten Schadens zu evaluieren.

This primer analyzes whether liability remedies proposed in Congress würde helfen, Verbraucherbetrug und Betrügereien zu bekämpfen oder würde letztlich schaffen unbeabsichtigte Folgen für die Verbraucher die Übeltäter nicht bestrafen.

Die Einführung enthält wichtige politische Vorschläge für den Gesetzgeber, um Verbrauchern dabei zu helfen, Betrug und Schwindel zu vermeiden, und zeigt zugleich die Fehler auf, die eine erweiterte institutionelle Haftung mit sich bringen würde:

  • Die Verlagerung der Haftung auf die Finanzinstitute wird sich letztlich negativ auf die Verbraucher auswirken und zu einer umfassenderen Finanzüberwachung, höheren Kosten durch mehr Compliance und Rückerstattungen sowie einem allgemein verschlechterten Kundenerlebnis führen, das den Vorteil beliebter Finanztechnologien und Banken zunichte macht.
  • Die Aufklärung der Verbraucher über Finanzthemen ist der wirksamste Weg, Betrug vorzubeugen.
  • Ein nationales Datenschutzgesetz, das Innovationen fördert und gleichzeitig die Verbraucher schützt
  • Strengere Strafen für Personen, die Betrug und Schwindel begehen

LESEN SIE HIER DIE EINFÜHRUNG


Der CCC vertritt Verbraucher in über 100 Ländern auf der ganzen Welt. Wir beobachten Regulierungstrends in Ottawa, Washington, Brüssel, Genf, Lima, Brasilia und anderen Hotspots der Regulierung genau und informieren und aktivieren die Verbraucher, um für #ConsumerChoice zu kämpfen. Erfahren Sie mehr unter verbraucherwahlzentrum.org.

A narrow window for justice in Johnson & Johnson’s baby powder bankruptcy trial

The third time is a charm for New Jersey’s Johnson & Johnson, as the pharmaceutical and biotech giant attempts to get a court-issued seal of approval on its long-awaitedsettlement offer and subsidiary bankruptcy plan, which is sitting before a Houston federal courtroom this week.

Red River Talc LLC, the subsidiary tasked with handling the thousands of lawsuits related to J&J’s talc-based baby powder product and alleged ovarian cancers in female consumers, has so far been stymied by two bankruptcy courts in other jurisdictions, as well as by plaintiff lawyers angling for a larger settlement package.

What’s at stake in this trial is not just the legacy of a household name like J&J, or the women who have been injured, but also the future of injury and liability law in the US. A lot could change about how courts deal with convoluted corporate structure, victim compensation an defense against frivolous claims.

Though the company’s settlement offer of $10 billion garnered overwhelming support from 83% of the plaintiffs in the combined case, far beyond the 75% required in bankruptcy law, lawyers representing the holdouts aim to question the legitimacy of the bankruptcy altogether. One such group, the Coalition of Counsel for Justice for Talc Claimants, has reportedly questioned whether the vote was held in good faith, and factions of legal firms representing plaintiffs have been suing each other in court for a larger share of the settlement payouts.

The validity of that vote, as well as the legitimacy of the Red River Talc LLC’s bankruptcy, will soon be decided on by US Bankruptcy Judge Christopher Lopez.

The process of a subsidiary bankruptcy to settle claims against a firm is nicknamed the “Texas Two Step,” a process of splitting the assets and liabilities of a single entity as laid out in the Texas Business Organizations Code. Under Texas law, and increasingly in other states, this legal process, officially known as a “divisive merger”, is meant to protect company assets if a specific business unit comes into debt or faces a civil lawsuit that threatens other parts of the company.

Many opponents of the Texas Two Step believe it relieves larger firms of responsibility when they face lawsuits, but it has the advantage of being able to process settlements more swiftly and disperse payments through a bankruptcy proceeding than in a typical court trial. The latter approach can last years or decades.

This maneuver also avoids the altbekanntes Phänomen of a “race to the courthouse,” where successive injury lawyers begin advertising and recruiting for similar cases once a settlement has been paid out, hoping to net more business for their firms by attracting a larger class of plaintiffs. Allegations that some firms have outstanding payments to litigation funders who’ve backed the baby powder case only add to the complication with J&J’s case.

Because the trial is now in bankruptcy court, relying on accountants and number crunchers instead of scientists and expert witnesses, it would be most prudent to finally settle the case and have the bankruptcy proceed to pay the victims what they’re due.

Allowing the trial to linger without a satisfactory ruling only further complicates how courts can settle mass tort claims in the future. The outcome is likely to embolden law firms in targeting certain companies for their size and prestige rather than the legitimacy of any injury claims.

This has been evident from the ongoing backlog of asbestos exposure cases from decades ago, where most firms and executives involved, as well as any victims, have already passed away.

If consumers are legitimately injured due to a company’s product or its services, no matter how large, there should be every tool available to compensate them in the timeliest way possible.

The Texas Two Step offers a solution for compensating those who can claim injury while avoiding the worst of our highly litigious legal system and its perverse incentives for injury lawyers to always claw for more instead of taking care of their clients promptly. This case could determine whether justice moves at corporate speed or that of human lifespans.

Allowing a controlled process of bankruptcy to address pressing claims and dispense justice to plaintiffs who want closure is the only reasonable path forward. It’s reasonable, and fair, not just for victims of today, but for the future of America’s legal system going forward.

Ursprünglich veröffentlicht hier

The American Path to Competitive Advantage

As a global economic and financial power with military hegemon status facing increasing challenges from the East, the United States is presented with a unique opportunity to project its strength and influence. As a reigning technological leader with thriving markets and capital, the U.S. must ensure that its policies continue to adhere to its values while providing the autonomy and support structure needed to enrich its people and contribute to global flourishing. 

Permissionless Innovation 

The United States must commit to empowering its markets and innovators by advancing permissionless innovation. In the past half-century, the most impactful inventions and technologies developed on American shores have emerged from the bottom-up, as self-maximizing entrepreneurs and industrialists have competed to feed consumer demand, employ talent, and deliver goods and services needed across the world. This status quo has provided dividends for American security and strength, allowing the country to become much nimbler and more adaptive while avoiding the pitfalls of centralized command and control as practiced in China.

In allowing the unprecedented growth of the Internet through light-touch regulation for decades, the U.S. set global standards for tech and innovation. As a result, rules and regulations have emerged over time rather than been imposed by above, giving innovators the ample space and runway to develop both the hardware and software that consumers have come to rely on. We must avoid top-down regulatory approaches on AI and other technologies as they have been tried in blue states, which would only serve to stunt our growth.

By shunning the precautionary principle, which hampers far too much innovation and growth on the European continent and elsewhere, the U.S. has embraced a system that rewards risk and punishes failures through market mechanisms rather than bureaucratic mandate. This unique system, matched with deep capital markets, stable rule of law, and protection of intellectual property, has made the U.S. the ideal launching pad for creative pursuits that have created vast amounts of wealth and opportunities.

In the fields of artificial intelligence, Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, financial technology, advanced manufacturing, and robotics, the U.S. can maintain its global lead over adversaries and competitors by adhering to permissionless innovation.

Energy Supremacy 

As a nation blessed with vast natural resources, the United States must continue to allow the development of energy projects of all stripes to continue to feed electricity grids, but also to power the next generation of data centers, transportation, and industry. 

Affordable and abundant energy will be a dominant force in freeing up the resources, time, and wealth for the economic and technological growth to remain competitive, as well as providing for the higher standard of living that will be demanded by the American population. For data centers and computing hubs, cheap energy will be requisite for maintaining an edge. 

While still maintaining environmental standards, removing red tape for pipelines, natural gas extraction, offshore wind, and nuclear energy will have to be viewed as an all-encompassing strategy to maintain the country’s energy supremacy and dominance. Outdated infrastructure will have to be replaced, and regulatory systems will have to be streamlined.

Freed from the global oil market fluctuations outside of American control, maximizing the energy surplus produced domestically and provided to ally nations will ensure that firms can remain competitive and keep prices low, maintaining the relative strength of the dollar as the world reserve currency and giving global investors even more reason to put their funds in the growing technology sector in the United States.

Avoiding Choosing Winners and Losers 

Though the U.S. is poised to develop technological solutions to the world, there is a growing Kartellbewegung in domestic politics that may harm entrepreneurial efforts to otherwise deliver value. The dominance of Big Tech has unified some elements of both right and left political coalitions intent on trimming these firms down to size, but to cut down our own domestic champions at a time of growing global competition would not be wise.

Though there are many arguments about market concentration, whether certain firms should be allowed to merge with or purchase others, or whether policies should be devised to mandate more competition by force, we should return to the dominating principle of consumer welfare as the north star for competition and antitrust policy. The mandated breakup and competition scrutiny of firms like Google, Meta, Nvidia, or OpenAI may unite certain ideological factions, but it would serve no other purpose than allowing the government to pick winners or losers for reasons beyond consumer welfare. This, in turn, would deprive startup firms of capital and opportunities aided by these companies, either directly by its investors or those who’ve transferred their skills to other firms to compete. At the same time, the U.S. should avoid costly corporate welfare schemes that may serve to prop up inefficient entities while locking out otherwise talented upstarts, not to mention throw good money after bad. 

With a strong competition policy that allows winners and losers to be decided by consumers and the market, rather than by lawmakers, attorneys, and judges, the United States can ensure a competitive field that will deliver tech innovation to benefit all consumers.

Ursprünglich veröffentlicht hier

Trump’s actions on offshore wind energy won’t help consumers

President Donald Trump was relentless on the campaign trail in his commitment to unleash American prosperity with an energy revolution. From the oil wells of the American West to the gas pipelines of the Midwest, Trump said his administration will reverse the anti-energy policies of the Biden White House by finally letting energy explorers and entrepreneurs do what they do best. But Trump’s energy revolution may have limits after he signed an executive order freezing permits for new offshore wind projects.

Issued on his first day in office, the order halts all future wind energy leases on the offshore continental shelf and denies renewals for existing projects. It also requires the Department of the Interior to review wind energy leases nationwide, including inland.

Trump’s distaste for wind energy and its environmental effects are well-known (“they drive the whales crazy”), but this campaign against a functional source of electricity is baffling.

The current energy output of commercial wind projects off America’s shore is just 174 megawatts, enough to power about 50,000 homes, produced off the coasts of Rhode Island, Virginia and New York.

But the total capacity could be as high as 80 gigawatts on windier days according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, meaning that at least half of this could still easily travel along transmission lines to power substations on our coasts.

If we were to conservatively estimate offshore wind capacity at 25%, this would still be enough to power all households in Virginia and Maryland for one year. If this amount of electricity can be produced by coastal areas and the companies can still make a profit doing it, why shouldn’t they be free to do so?

As usual, Trump’s criticism of this industry is half-right and half-wrong.

It is true that the Biden administration directed a lot of federal subsidies toward wind projects. Trump’s executive order calls for an assessment of the “economic costs associated with the intermittent generation of electricity and the effect of subsidies” because the industry received a large boost in President Joe Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act.

In the Department of Government Efficiency era, arguing for taxpayer subsidies toward specific energy sources is a losing battle. But kicking wind energy to the curb is a mistake.

The total amount of electricity generated by wind power in the United States was 12%. If our offshore capabilities in say, Virginia, matched those we have in the fields of Texas, which has as many as 160,000 wind turbines, that would make a noticeable difference to energy consumers.

Wind energy should be allowed to operate and compete in the free market for consumer dollars. If wind fails, let it fail. The same reasoning should be applied to all types of energy.

Trump’s executive order represents a sort of cognitive dissonance.

By questioning the contributions of wind energy, the president relies on studies mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to make this determination. These are the same reports that have stunted the construction of energy projects and even stymied entrepreneur Elon Musk’s wishes to stage rocket launches in certain areas.

For Trump to use NEPA as justification for hostility to offshore wind, while at the same time unraveling NEPA in an executive order 24 hours later, is major league mixed messaging.

Wind energy was no doubt propped by Trump’s predecessor, but that fact shouldn’t deter Trump from using every available tool to deliver lower energy prices to consumers.

Energy abundance means shunning the degrowth mentality that got us here. It means endorsing every type of energy, wind, solar, oil or nuclear, that can freely compete for our dollars. Trump should get favoritism out of the energy markets.

Ursprünglich veröffentlicht hier

DOGE Is Right To Defang the CFPB

With a big tech-powered magnifying glass on federal websites, spending contracts, and government payment systems, Elon Musk’s band of DOGE system admins have been turning Washington inside out in their hunt for waste, fraud, and abuse. One of the most prized agencies on the chopping block is the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, heralded by progressives as an indispensable force for helping consumers wronged by financial institutions, but derided by fintech investors and conservatives as little more than a government “shakedown agency.” Consumers will be better off without the CFPB breathing down the neck of American companies. 

Since the inauguration of President Trump, the CFPB’s temporary leadership put an immediate halt on all work, also informing the Federal Reserve, which directly funds the agency, that it would no longer seek new funding. 

Sen. Elizabeth Warren, the intellectual force behind the agency’s founding, has been apoplectic. She’s argued that Trump is “firing the financial cop on the beat that makes sure your family doesn’t get scammed.”

The origin of the CFPB goes back to the rubble of the 2008 financial crisis when legislators saw this proposed agency as a viable response to the populist backlash engulfing Washington and Wall Street. Instead of penalizing wrongdoers, Congress funded bank bailouts and launched a “watchdog” group. The 2010 Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Act beauftragt new standards for lending, restricted capital that could be tapped for bank loans, and created the CFPB to police consumer finance. 

All functions performed by the five ehemalige federal banking supervisory agencies were rolled into the CFPB, granting it sole jurisdiction over non-depository firms and financial institutions with over $10 billion in assets. This empowered the agency to issue regulatory guidance, demand information from financial institutions, and launch civil actions in federal court.

Supporters of the CFPB point to an impressive record of close to $20 billion in consumer relief, as well as an additional $5 billion in civil penalties. Without the CFPB, fraudsters and scams would metastasize and consumer injustice would run wild, so they say. But this couldn’t be further from the truth.

As a regulatory agency with civil litigation authority, the CFPB is emboldened to file high-dollar lawsuits against financial firms. An estimate of the CFPB’s Datenbank of enforcement actions reveals that roughly 85% of all cases are settled out of court before a final ruling.

Companies often choose to settle, but this shouldn’t be mistaken for an admission of guilt. In a litigious societysuch as the United States where companies are routinely targeted in frivolous lawsuits, the court of public opinion matters just as much as the court of law. 

Firms prefer settling cases over having their name dragged through the mud for months on end in the media, something tort lawyers call a “nuisance settlement.” These expected costs are baked into large firms’ financial projections and are sometimes factored into pricing their goods and services for consumers. 

The CFPB is more akin to a state-backed tort law firm that can tap the nation’s central bank for resources while exploiting its do-gooder reputation for easy PR victories.

Rather than smart regulatory guidance to oversee a new generation of consumer finance firms, CFPB has relied on quick settlements out of court to squash innovative upstarts.

While CFPB enforcement has been successful in penalizing banks and lenders for how loans are structured or advertised, it does not take much imagination to see how this has impacted the investing climate for new competitors. Since CFPB’s founding, there are now 35% fewer financial institutions remaining for consumers to choose from, down from 15,000 to just roughly 9,000 today.

While there is high consumer demand for fintech, payment apps, and account offerings, including Bitcoin and cryptocurrency banks, CFPB’s chilling actions have slowed that innovation, leading to the recent calls for the agency to be gutted. And they’re right.

Most of CFPB’s functions are mirrored at the FTC on everything but finance. Regional Federal Reserve banks are also responsible for bank oversight and regulation, not to mention state banking regulators. Existing regulators have the reach, experience, and know-how to police would-be fraudsters and outright deceptive practices among banks. Why not let them?

For consumers who want next-level services and financial products, there is no question that CFPB’s litigious approach has impacted their ability to access credit and financial services. There must be a better way to regulate our financial institutions and protect consumers than a tort law firm with government authority. Congress could fold elements of the CFPB into the FTC, OCC, or even FDIC, and bad actors will still be policed. 

Consumers deserve to be protected, and they will be, but they also deserve a regulatory structure that rewards innovation and brings financial products to market that they can choose between.

The CFPB is due for defanging.

Ursprünglich veröffentlicht hier

With RFK, ‘Golden Age’ Could Be Golden for Cash-Hungry Lawyers

Should Coke be forced to use cane sugar again? Which food coloring will be banned next? What’s the fate of seed oils in the American diet and school lunches?

These aren’t the musings of some fringe online health influencer; these are the rumored policy priorities of attorney and former Democratic-turned-independent presidential candidate, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., whose Senate confirmation hearing for the position of Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services finally happens Wednesday morning.

RFK is one of many recent enigmas in American politics to be propelled into the inner circle of President Trump.

As a Democrat and then an independent candidate for president, RFK felt the wrath of both progressive dark money groups and the Democratic National Convention itself. He was stymied by rule changes and lawsuits to prevent him from getting on the ballot in states he needed to qualify. His one-time running mate, Nicole Shanahan, Ansprüche left-leaning groups created dozens of well-funded PACs with the singular goal of blocking RFK’s access to run as an independent.

Ironically, what curbed Kennedy’s presidential ambitions before he dropped out was the very tactic he’d championed and perfected his entire career – extreme lawfare.

There has already been plenty of ink spilled on RFK’s views on vaccines, corruption of federal agencies, or even whether he’s a secret fan of nicotine pouches like Zyn. But little has been said about his very public career as a tort lawyer, one hell-bent on stopping innovation, development, and even clean energy projects.

Name a high-profile lawsuit against a major company or project and RFK has had some hand in it: DuPont, Monsanto, the Dakota Access pipeline, and the shuttering of the Indian Point nuclear power station in New York City, which decimated NYC’s carbon-neutral electricity generation goals, just to name a few.

As counsel for the infamous injury law firm Morgan & Morgan, the green group Riverkeeper, as well as his own firm, Kennedy and Madonna LLP, RFK made his name on environmental cases that scored him six-figure attorney fees from companies rushing to settle. For years, RFK was the preeminent plaintiff attorney who could sway a jury or a judge for high-dollar settlements.

His name recognition alone was chief to his practice of injury law.

While many of RFK’s cases took on obvious pollution that harmed people, such as mountaintop removal miningof coal or dumping in the Hudson River, his crusades against nuclear power, hydroelectricity, oil pipelines, and even wind power have left many betroffen that his legal pursuits from this past life will bleed over into his new one serving in the Trump administration.

Even President Trump anerkannt this when he promised on the campaign trail to “keep Bobby away from the liquid gold,” a nod of recognition to RFK’s history of legal battles with oil firms that could unlock Trump’s goal of a “golden age.”

How will he now use his power if he’s confirmed to a cabinet-level position to oversee the government’s largest civilian bureaucracy? Will it be open season on medical device companies that offer life-saving products and are regulated by Kennedy’s agency? Will industrial farmers who feed our country have to dodge hordes of both private sector and HHS lawyers to avoid costly verdicts or fines?

“There’s more opportunities for plaintiffs’ lawyers and those involved in mass tort to be more bullish in the next four years,” said Steve Nober, founder and CEO of Consumer Attorney Marketing Group, in Kommentare to Bloomberg Law.

Many consumer advocates who care about innovation and affordable goods are leery about elevating a well-heeled lawyer who has spent most of his career tearing down and obstructing free enterprise to lead such a powerful agency like HHS.

Though there are a myriad of health care and diet issues in the United States that HHS could credibly take action on, it isn’t clear that RFK will discriminate between his agenda and Trump’s.

If RFK is opening the taps to his former colleagues in the trial bar, attorneys who can smell an opportunity for a large lawsuit or settlement a mile away, then consumers are in for a long and costly ride. Trump’s “golden age” would be lost.

Ursprünglich veröffentlicht hier

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